Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (J Position Navig Timing; JPNT)
Citation: Park, S., Jung, D., & Jun, H. S. 2023, Recommendation of Navigation Performance for K-UAM Considering Multipath Error in Urban Environment Operation, Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing, 12, 379-389.
Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (J Position Navig Timing) 2023 December, Volume 12, Issue 4, pages 379-389. https://doi.org/10.11003/JPNT.2023.12.4.379
Received on 13 November 2023, Revised on 27 November 2023, Accepted on 05 December 2023, Published on 15 December 2023.
License: Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
1Department of Smart Air Mobility Engineering, Korea Aerospace University, Goyang-si 10540, Korea
2SBAS Program Office, Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Daejeon 34133, Korea
†Corresponding Author: E-mail, djung@kau.ac.kr; Tel, +82-2-300-0134; Fax, +82-2-3159-9257
According to the Korea Urban Air Mobility (K-UAM) Concept of Operation (ConOps), the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is recommended as the primary navigation system and the performance specification will be implemented considering the standard of Performance Based Navigation (PBN). However, by taking into account the characteristics of an urban environment and the concurrent operations of multiple UAM aircraft, the current PBN standards for civil aviation seem difficult to be directly applied to an UAM aircraft. Therefore, by referring to technical documents published in the literature, this paper examines the feasibility of applying the proposed performance requirements to K-UAM, which follows the recommendation of navigation performance requirements for K-UAM. In accordance with the UAM ConOps, the UAM aircraft is anticipated to maintain low altitude during approach and landing phases. Subsequently, the navigation performance degradation could occur in the urban environment, and the primary degradation factor is identified as multipath error. For this reason, to ensure the safety and reliability of the K-UAM aircraft, it is necessary to analyze the degree of performance degradation related to the urban environment and then propose an alternative aid to enhance the navigation performance. To this end, the aim of this paper is to model the multipath effects of the GNSS in an urban environment and to carry out the simulation studies using the real GNSS datasets. Finally, the initial navigation performance requirement is proposed based on the results of the numerical simulation for the K-UAM.
K-UAM, GNSS, multipath error, navigation requirement
Barney, T. L. & Barrows, B. A. 2022, Initial Performance Evaluation of Flight Path Management Onboard Automation, 2022 IEEE/AIAA 41st Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), Portsmouth, VA, 18-22 September 2022. https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC55683.2022.9925825
Bijjahalli, S., Sabatini, R., & Gardi, A. 2019, GNSS performance modelling and augmentation for urban air mobility, Sensors, 19, 4209. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194209
Breßler, J., Reisdorf, P., Obst, M., & Wanielik, G. 2016, GNSS positioning in non-line-of-sight context—A survey, In 2016 IEEE 19th international conference on intelligent transportation systems (ITSC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 01-04 November 2016, pp.1147-1154. https://doi. org/10.1109/ITSC.2016.7795701
Choi, J. & Park, S. Y. 2022, Study on the Selection of UAM Pilots and Establishment of Training, Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics, 30, 132139. https://doi.org/10.12985/ksaa.2022.30.3.132
Collins, J. P. & Langley, R. B. 1997, Estimating the residual tropospheric delay for airborne differential GPS positioning (A Summary), In Advances in Positioning and Reference Frames: IAG Scientific Assembly, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, September 3-9, 1997, pp.331-336.
Eltahier, M. M. A. & Hamid, K. 2017, Review of Instrument Landing System, IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE), 12, 106-113. https://doi.org/10.9790/2834-120203106113
EUROCONTROL 2023, U-space Concept of Operations [Internet], 4th edition, cited 2023 Sep. 7, available from: https://www.sesarju.eu/node/4544
FAA 2020, Concept of Operations v1.0, Urban Air Mobility (UAM). https://nari.arc.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/ attachments/UAM_ConOps_v1.0.pdf
FAA 2022, Engineering Brief No.105, Vertiport Design. Memorandum, Airport Engineering Division, AAS100. https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/eb-105vertiports.pdf
Goodrich, K. H. & Theodore, C. R. 2021, Description of the NASA urban air mobility maturity level (UML) scale, In AIAA SciTech 2021 forum, p.1627. https://doi. org/10.2514/6.2021-1627
Haker, M. E. & Raquet, J. F. 2011, Estimating Multipath in GNSS Signals Through a Novel Stochastic Search and Decomposition Algorithm, In Proceedings of the 24th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS 2011), Portland, Oregon, 20-23 September 2011, pp.11621172. https://www.ion.org/publications/abstract. cfm?articleID=9673
Haklay, M. & Weber, P. 2008, Openstreetmap: UserGenerated Street Maps, IEEE Pervasive computing, 7, 12-18. https://doi.org/10.1109/MPRV.2008.80 Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., Lichtenegger, H., & Wasle, E. 2007, GNSS-Global Navigation Satellite Systems (Wien, New York: Springer-Verlag), p.128. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-211-73017-1
ICAO 2018, Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation: Aeronautical Telecommunications, Volume 1 (Radio Navigation Aids), 7th ed. (Montreal: International Civil Aviation Organization).
ICAO 2023, Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) Manual (Doc 9613), 5th edition. (Montreal: International Civil Aviation Organization).
Iwase, T., Suzuki, N., & Watanabe, Y. 2013, Estimation and exclusion of multipath range error for robust positioning, GPS solutions, 17, 53-62. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10291-012-0260-1
Klobuchar, J. A. 1987, Ionospheric time-delay algorithm for single-frequency GPS users, IEEE Transactions on aerospace and electronic systems, ES-23, 325-331. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.1987.310829
Korea UAM Team 2021, K-UAM Concept of Operations 1.0. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport: Sejong, Republic of Korea.
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT) 2021, Korean Urban Air Mobility (K-UAM) Technology Roadmap. http://www.molit.go.kr/USR/NEWS/m_71/ dtl.jsp?id=95083976
Nguyen, T. V. 2020, Dynamic delegated corridors and 4d required navigation performance for urban air mobility (UAM) airspace integration, Journal of Aviation/ Aerospace Education & Research, 29, 57-72. https://doi. org/10.15394/jaaer.2020.1828
Sabatini, R., Moore, T., & Ramasamy, S. 2017, Global navigation satellite systems performance analysis and augmentation strategies in aviation, Progress in aerospace sciences, 95, 45-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.paerosci.2017.10.002
Single European Sky ATM Research 2019, SESAR U-space Concept of Operations, European Union, EUROCONTROL, pp.36-37. https://www.sesarju.eu/ sites/default/files/documents/u-space/CORUS%20 ConOps%20vol2.pdf
Stouffer, V. L., Cotton, W. B., DeAngelis, R. A., Devasirvatham, D. M., Irvine, T. B., et al. 2020, Reliable, secure, and scalable communications, navigation, and surveillance (CNS) options for urban air mobility (UAM). https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20205006661
Uber 2020, Uber Air Vehicle Requirements and Missions [Internet], cited 2023 Nov 27, available from: https:// s3.amazonaws.com/uber-static/elevate/Summary+Mis sion+and+Requirements.pdf
Uber Elevate 2020, Operations Inside Corridors [Internet], cited 2023 Nov 27, available from: https://nari.arc.nasa. gov/sites/default/files/attachments/Operations%20 inside%20corridors_%20Tom%20Prevot_FINAL.pdf
본 연구는 산업통상자원부/한국산업기술평가관리원의 지원으로 수행중인 ‘eVTOL 비행안정성, 운용성 실증시험평가 및 충돌회피처리 기술개발’ 과제 (과제번호: 20016489)의 연구 결과이며 지원에 감사드립니다.
Conceptualization, S.P. and D.J.; methodology, S.P.; software, S.P.; validation, S.P., D.J.; formal analysis, S.P.; investigation, S.P.; resources, S.P.; data curation, S.P.; writing—original draft preparation, S.P.; writing—review and editing, S.P. and D.J.; visualization, S.P.; supervision, D.J. and H.J; project administration, D.J.; funding acquisition, D.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.